{"id":17087,"date":"2021-01-13T17:52:36","date_gmt":"2021-01-13T12:22:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ncertsolutions.guru\/?p=17087"},"modified":"2021-01-13T17:52:36","modified_gmt":"2021-01-13T12:22:36","slug":"ncert-solutions-for-class-12-economics-chapter-16","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ncertsolutions.guru\/ncert-solutions-for-class-12-economics-chapter-16\/","title":{"rendered":"NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 16 Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Detailed, Step-by-Step <a href=\"https:\/\/ncertsolutions.guru\/ncert-solutions-for-class-12-economics-hindi\/\">NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics<\/a> Chapter 16 Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.<\/p>\n<h2>Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 16<\/h2>\n<h3><span id=\"Class_6_Science_Chapter_1_Food_Where_does_it_Come_From_Exercise_Questions_and_Answers\">Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours Questions and Answers <\/span>Class 12 Economics Chapter 16<\/h3>\n<p>Question 1.<br \/>\nWhy are regional and economic groupings formed?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nRegional and economic groups are formed in a geographic region to reduce or remove tariff and non &#8211; tariff barriers to allow free flow of goods, services, and inputs between each other. Some examples of regional and economic groupings include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>SAARC<\/li>\n<li>European Union<\/li>\n<li>ASEAN<\/li>\n<li>G-8<\/li>\n<li>G-20<\/li>\n<li>BRIC<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Question 2.<br \/>\nWhat are the various means by which countries are trying to strengthen their own domestic economies?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nCountries are trying to strengthen their own domestic economies by adopting the following means:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>They form regional and global economic groupings such as the SAARC, European Union, ASEAN, G &#8211; 8, G &#8211; 20, BRIC, etc.<\/li>\n<li>They follow the developmental processes adopted by their neighbouring nations. It helps them identifying their own strengths and weaknesses compared to their neighbours.<\/li>\n<li>They try to understand the economies of neighbouring nations to promote shared environment for overall human development.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/ncertsolutions.guru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/NCERT-Solutions-Guru.png?resize=170%2C17&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 16 Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours\" width=\"170\" height=\"17\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 3.<br \/>\nWhat similar development strategies have India and Pakistan followed for their respective developmental paths?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nIndia and Pakistan adopted the following similar development strategies for their respective developmental paths:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Followed mixed economy with co-existence of public and private sectors<\/li>\n<li>Introduced various regulated policies<\/li>\n<li>Adopted green revolution to increase agricultural production<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Question 4.<br \/>\nExplain the Great Leap Forward campaign of China as initiated in 1958.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe Great Leap Forward campaign was initiated in China in 1958 with the aim of industrialising the country on an extensive scale. During the campaign, people were encouraged to set up industries in their backyards. In rural areas, commune system was started under which people collectively cultivated 26,000 communes.<\/p>\n<p>However, GLF campaign faced many problems. A severe drought caused havoc in China, which killed around 30 million people. Moreover, Russia had conflicts with China. As a result, Russia withdrew its professionals who were sent to China to help in the industrialisation process.<\/p>\n<p>Question 5.<br \/>\nChina\u2019s rapid industrial growth can be traced back to its reforms in 1978, Do you agree? Elucidate.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe present day fast industrial growth in China can be traced back to the reform in 1978, China introduced reforms in phases, In the initial phase, reforms were initiated in agriculture, foreign trade and investment sectors of China. In the later phase, reforms were initiated in the industrial sector. The reform process involved dual pricing, i.e. fixing the price in two ways.<\/p>\n<p>Farmer and industrial units were required to exchange fixed quantities of input and output on the basis of prices fixed by the government. The remaining quantities were exchanged at the market prices. With the increase in production, the amount of goods or inputs transacted in the market also increased over the years,<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/ncertsolutions.guru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/NCERT-Solutions-Guru.png?resize=170%2C17&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 16 Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours\" width=\"170\" height=\"17\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 6.<br \/>\nDescribe the path of developmental initiatives taken by Pakistan for its economic development.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nDevelopmental initiatives taken by Pakistan for its economic development are as below:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pakistan follows mixed economy model with co-existence of public and private sectors.<\/li>\n<li>Pakistan introduced various regulated policy framework in the late 1950s and 1960s.<\/li>\n<li>It introduced green revolution, which led to mechanisation and rise in public investment. This resulted in a rise in the production of foodgrains.<\/li>\n<li>Nationalisation of capital goods industries took place in the 1970s.<\/li>\n<li>Pakistan received financial support from western.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Question 7.<br \/>\nWhat is the important implication of the \u2018one child norm\u2019 in China?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nChina introduced the &#8216;one-child norm&#8217; in the late 1970s as the measure to control its rapidly increasing population growth. An important implication of the \u2018one child norm\u2019 in China was that after a few decades, there will be more elderly people in proportion to young people in China. Consequently, China will be forced to take steps to provide social security measures while having fewer workers.<\/p>\n<p>Question 8.<br \/>\nMention the salient demographic indicators of China, Pakistan and India.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe table below shows selected demographic indicators of China, Pakistan and India, as in 2015:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"85\"><strong>Country<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"88\"><strong>Estimated Population (in million)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"86\"><strong>Annual Growth of Population (%)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"90\"><strong>Density<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> (per sq. km)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"93\"><strong>Sex ratio (females per 1000 males)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"85\"><strong>Fertality<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Rate<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>(births per woman)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"94\"><strong>Urbanisation (% of total population)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"85\">India<\/td>\n<td width=\"88\">131 1<\/td>\n<td width=\"86\">1.2<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">441<\/td>\n<td width=\"93\">929<\/td>\n<td width=\"85\">2.3<\/td>\n<td width=\"94\">33<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"85\">China<\/td>\n<td width=\"88\">1371<\/td>\n<td width=\"86\">0.5<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">146<\/td>\n<td width=\"93\">941<\/td>\n<td width=\"85\">1.6<\/td>\n<td width=\"94\">56<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"85\">Pakistan<\/td>\n<td width=\"88\">188<\/td>\n<td width=\"86\">2.1<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">245<\/td>\n<td width=\"93\">947<\/td>\n<td width=\"85\">3.7<\/td>\n<td width=\"94\">39<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Question 9.<br \/>\nCompare and contrast India and China\u2019s sectoral contribution to GDP in 2003. What does it indicate?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nIndia&#8217;s agricultural, industrial and service sectors contributed 17, 30 and 53 per cent respectively in 2015-17. On the other hand, in the same year, China\u2019s agricultural, industrial and service sectors contributed 9, 43 and 48 per cent respectively,<\/p>\n<p>This shows that service sector contributes significantly towards India&#8217;s GDP. followed by industrial sector. On the contrary, the industrial sector contributes a major share in China\u2019s GDP, followed by service sector. The process of economic growth has led to a tremendous shift in the sectoral share of output and employment. Both India and China have undergone structural transformation from primary to industrial and service sectors.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/ncertsolutions.guru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/NCERT-Solutions-Guru.png?resize=170%2C17&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 16 Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours\" width=\"170\" height=\"17\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 10.<br \/>\nMention the various indicators of human development.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe various indicators of human development are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Human Development Index (HDI)<\/li>\n<li>HDI rank<\/li>\n<li>Life expectancy at birth<\/li>\n<li>Average years of schooling (% aged 15 years and above)<\/li>\n<li>GDP per capita (US$)<\/li>\n<li>Poverty Ratio<\/li>\n<li>Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 births)<\/li>\n<li>Maternal Mortality Rate (per I lakh births)<\/li>\n<li>Population with sustainable access to improved sanitation (%)<\/li>\n<li>Population with sustainable access to improved water source (%)<\/li>\n<li>Percent of children malnourished (&lt; 5 years)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Question 11.<br \/>\nDefine the liberty indicator. Give some examples of liberty indicators.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nLiberty indicators measure the extent of democratic participation in social and political decision making.<br \/>\nSome liberty indicators are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Constitutionally protected rights of citizen<\/li>\n<li>Constitutionally protected independence of the judiciary<\/li>\n<li>Rule of law<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Question 12.<br \/>\nEvaluate the various factors that led to the rapid growth in economic development in China.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe various factors that led to the rapid growth in economic development in China are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Establishment of infrastructure in the areas of education and health<\/li>\n<li>Effective implementation of land reforms<\/li>\n<li>Decentralised planning<\/li>\n<li>Existence of small enterprises<\/li>\n<li>More equitable distribution of food grains through commune system<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Each reform measure in China was first implemented at a smaller level and later extended on a massive scale.<\/p>\n<p>Question 13.<br \/>\nGroup the following features pertaining to the economies of India, China and Pakistan under three heads.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>One-child norm<\/li>\n<li>Low fertility rate<\/li>\n<li>High degree of urbanisation<\/li>\n<li>Mixed economy<\/li>\n<li>Very high fertility rate<\/li>\n<li>Large population .<\/li>\n<li>High density of population<\/li>\n<li>Growth due to manufacturing sector<\/li>\n<li>Growth due to service sector<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Answer:<br \/>\nThe table below distributes the given features pertaining to the economies of India, China and Pakistan<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"211\"><strong>India<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"210\"><strong>China<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"211\"><strong>Pakistan<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"211\">\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mixed economy<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 High density to population<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Growth due to service sector<\/td>\n<td width=\"210\">\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 One-child norm<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Low fertility rate<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 High degree of urbanisation<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Large population<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Growth due to manufacturing sector<\/td>\n<td width=\"211\">\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mixed economy<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0\u00a0 Very high fertility rate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/ncertsolutions.guru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/NCERT-Solutions-Guru.png?resize=170%2C17&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 16 Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours\" width=\"170\" height=\"17\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 14.<br \/>\nGive reasons for the slow growth and re-emergence of poverty in Pakistan.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nIn Pakistan, the proportion of poor in 1960s was more than 40 per cent, which declined to 25 percent in 1980s. However, it again started rising in 1990s. The reasons for the slow growth and re-emergence of poverty in Pakistan are as below:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The economic indicators showed stagnation or negative trends when there was bad harvest.<\/li>\n<li>Massive floods had severely affected agriculture and infrastructure<\/li>\n<li>There were delays in the implementation of economic reforms.<\/li>\n<li>The foreign direct investment inflows in the country declined significantly.<\/li>\n<li>The country faced high rates of inflation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Question 15.<br \/>\nCompare and contrast the development of India, China and Pakistan with respect to some salient human development indicators.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe table below shows various human development indicators in India, China and Pakistan during 2016-17<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"445\"><strong>Item<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"73\"><strong>India<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"73\"><strong>China<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"74\"><strong>Pakistan<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"445\">Human Development Index (Value)<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">0.640<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">0.752<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">0.562<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"445\">Rank (based on HDI)<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">130<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">86<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">150<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"445\">Life Expectancy at birth (Years)<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">68.8<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">76.4<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">66.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"445\">Average years of schooling (% aged 15 and above)<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">6.4<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">7.8<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">8.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"445\">GDP per capita (PPP US$)<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">6,427<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">15,309<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">5,035<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"445\">People below poverty line (%) ($ 3.20\/day PPP)<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">60.4<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">23.5<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">46.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"445\">Infant Mortality Rate (Per 1000 live births) (201 1)<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">34.6<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">8.5<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">64.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"445\">Maternal Mortality Rate (Per 1 lakh births)<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">174<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">27<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">178<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"445\">Population with sustainable access to improved sanitation (%)<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">44.2<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">75<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">58.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"445\">Population with sustainable access to an improved water source (%)<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">94<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">96<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">91<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"445\">% of children malnourished (&lt;5)<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">37.9<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">8.1<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">45<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>It is clear from the table that China\u2019s position is much better than India and Pakistan in terms of HDI rank and GDP. China leads in almost all human development indicators.<\/p>\n<p>Question 16.<br \/>\nComment on the growth rate trends witnessed in China and India in the last two decades.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe growth rate trends witnessed in China and India in the last two decades are summarised below:<br \/>\n(i) China has the second largest GDP (PPP) of $ 19.8 trillion whereas Indian GDP (PPP) is $8.07 trillion. When many developed countries were finding it difficult to maintain a growth rate of even 5 per cent, China was able to maintain near double digit growth for more than two decades.<\/p>\n<p>(ii) During 1980 and 2015 China\u2019s GDP growth rate had been is 10.3 and 6.8 percent respectively. On the other hand, India&#8217;s GDP growth rate was 5.7 per cent in 1980, which increased to almost 7.3 percent in 2015-17.<\/p>\n<p>(iii) In the 1980s, China and India employed 12 and 17 per cent of its workforce in the service sector respectively. In 2014, it has reached 29 and 43 percent, respectively.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/ncertsolutions.guru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/NCERT-Solutions-Guru.png?resize=170%2C17&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 16 Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours\" width=\"170\" height=\"17\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 17.<br \/>\nFill in the blanks.<br \/>\n(a) First Five Year Plan of &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.\u00a0 commenced in the year 1956. (Pakistari\/China)<br \/>\n(b) Maternal mortality rate is high in &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. (China\/ Pakistan)<br \/>\n(c) Proportion of people below poverty line is more in &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. (India\/Pakistan)<br \/>\n(d) Reforms in &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.\u00a0 were introduced in 1978. (China\/ Pakistan)<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\n(a) Pakistan<br \/>\n(b) Pakistan<br \/>\n(c) India<br \/>\n(b) China<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 16 Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation. Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics &hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"> <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/ncertsolutions.guru\/ncert-solutions-for-class-12-economics-chapter-16\/\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 16 Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours<\/span> Read More &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v16.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 16 Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours - NCERT Solutions<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ncertsolutions.guru\/ncert-solutions-for-class-12-economics-chapter-16\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 16 Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours - NCERT Solutions\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 16 Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation. 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