{"id":17097,"date":"2021-01-15T10:51:34","date_gmt":"2021-01-15T05:21:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ncertsolutions.guru\/?p=17097"},"modified":"2021-01-15T10:51:34","modified_gmt":"2021-01-15T05:21:34","slug":"ncert-solutions-for-class-12-history-chapter-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ncertsolutions.guru\/ncert-solutions-for-class-12-history-chapter-2\/","title":{"rendered":"NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 2 Kings, Farmers and Towns: Early States and Economies"},"content":{"rendered":"

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History<\/a> Chapter 2 Kings, Farmers and Towns: Early States and Economies Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.<\/p>\n

Kings, Farmers and Towns: Early States and Economies NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 2<\/h2>\n

Kings, Farmers and Towns: Early States and Economies Questions and Answers <\/span>Class 12 History Chapter 2<\/h3>\n

Question 1.
\nDiscuss the evidences of craft production in early historic cities. In what ways is this different from the evidences from Harappan cities ?
\nAnswer:
\nThe towns of Harappa have been widely excavated. From excavations, we have found evidences about the Harappan craftsmanship. Contrary to it, the excavation of the early historical towns is not possible because in these regions, people still live. Even then, we have found a wide range of artefacts. There are certainly other evidences of things produced by the craftsmen.<\/p>\n

The craft production in early towns :<\/p>\n

(i) From these sites, fine pottery bowls and dishes have been found. They had a glossy finish. They were known as Northern Black Polished Ware. They were probably used by the rich people.<\/p>\n

(ii) There have been evidences of ornaments, tools, weapons, vessels and figurines. There were also a wide range of things which were made of gold, silver, copper, bronze, ivory, glass, shell and terracotta.<\/p>\n

(iii) The donor inscriptions tell us that the washermen, weavers, scribes, carpenters, potters, goldsmiths, blacksmiths, officials and religious teachers lived in these towns. The blacksmiths made things from iron. There are no evidences of iron in the towns of Harappa.<\/p>\n

(iv) The craft producers and merchants had formed their guilds or shrenis. They bought the raw material and went in for regulated production. In the end, they marketed the finished goods.<\/p>\n

\"NCERT<\/p>\n

Question 2.
\nDescribe the salient features of Mahaj anapadas.
\nOr
\nState any three features of Mahaj anapadas. (C.B.S.E. 2016 (D))
\nAnswer:
\nIn the early texts of Buddhism and Jainism, we find a mention of sixteen states under the name of Mahajanapadas. Though the names of all these Mahajanapadas are not uniform in these books, yet the names of Vajji, Magadha, Kaushal, Kuru, Panchal, Gandhar and others have been noted. It indicates that all these Mahajanapadas must have been very important.<\/p>\n

Main Characteristics : The main features of the Mahajanapadas are as follows :
\n(i) Most of the Mahajanapadas were ruled by a king. But a group of people ruled those states which were known as Republics. Every person of this group was called a king. Lord Mahavira and Lord Buddha had relation with this Republics. Like the Republics of Vajji, in some other states, the king and the people had a collective control over the economic resources.<\/p>\n

(ii) Every Mahaj anapada had its own capital and was often surrounded by a fort. The fortification of the capital was needed for the maintenance of its border forces and economic resources for the officials.<\/p>\n

(iii) Approximately in the 6th century B.C.E., the Brahmans started composing a religious book in Sanskrit called Dharamshastras. In it, the rules were determined for all social sections including the king. It was also expected that all the rulers should be Khastriyas.<\/p>\n

(iv) The main job of the rulers was to collect tax from the farmers, merchants and craftsmen. They also accepted offerings.<\/p>\n

(v) It was legitimate to attack the neighbouring countries to raise money from them.<\/p>\n

(vi) Slowly and steadily, some states started keeping their regular armed forces and other officials whereas other states were still dependent on assistant armies. The soldiers were often recruited from the farmers.<\/p>\n

Question 3.
\nHow do historians reconstruct the lives of ordinary people ?
\nAnswer:
\nCommon masses or ordinary people left behind very few written information about their lives. That is why historians have to use different types of sources to reconstruct the lives of ordinary people. Following are some of tlfe given resources :<\/p>\n