Class 8 History Chapter 8 Extra Questions and Answers Civilising the Native, Educating the Nation

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NCERT Solutions for Class 8 History Chapter 8 Extra Questions Civilising the Native, Educating the Nation

Extra Questions for Class 8 History Chapter 8 Civilising the Native, Educating the Nation

NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 8 Extra Questions Very Short Answers Type

Question 1.
Who reinterpreted verses from the Koran to argue for women’s education?
Answer:
Mumtaz Ali.

Question 2.
What is meant by the Paramhans Mandali?
Answer:
The Paramhans Mandali was founded in 1840 in Bombay. Its aim was to work for the abolition of caste.

Question 3.
When did the people from within the ‘lower’ castes begin organising movements against caste discrimination?
Answer:
Gradually, by the second half of the nineteenth century, people from within the lower castes began organising movements against caste discrimination and demanded social equality and justice.

Question 4.
What was Phule’s suggestion to abolish caste discrimination?
Answer:
Jyotirao Phule proposed that Shudras, i.e., labouring castes and Ati shudras, i.e., untouchables should unite to challenge caste discrimination.

Question 5.
What did Periyar suggest to achieve social equality?
Answer:
He said that all religious authorities saw social divisions and inequality as God- given. So, untouchables had to free themselves from all religions in order to achieve social equality.

Question 6.
What was Periyar’s view about the codes of Manu, the Gita and the Ramayana?
Answer:
Periyar was an outspoken critic of these Hindu scriptures. He said that these texts had been used to establish the authority of Brahmans over lower castes and the domination of men over women.

NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 8 Extra Questions Short Answers Type

Question 7.
What is meant by the loss of caste status?
Answer:
Those people who laboured to keep cities and villages clean, or worked at jobs that upper castes considered “polluting”, they were considered to have a loss of caste status.

Question 8.
What do you mean by untouchability?
Answer:
The people at the lowest level in the caste system laboured to keep cities and villages clean or worked at jobs that upper castes considered polluting. The upper castes treated these people as untouchables. They were not allowed to enter temples, draw water from the wells used by the upper castes or bathe in ponds where upper castes bathed. They were seen as inferior human beings.

Question 9.
Name any five social reformers in India.
Answer:

1. Raja Rammohun Roy (1772-1833)
2. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
3. Swami Dayanand Saraswati
4. Jyotirao Phule
5. E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker (Periyar)

Question 10.
Name any five women social reformers of eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in India.
Answer:

1. Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain
2. Tarabai Shinde
3. Pahdita Ramabai
4. Rashsundari Debi
5. Begums of Bhopal

Question 11.
When was the law regarding widow remarriage passed? Who suggested this view initially?
Answer:
(1) This law was passed in 1856 that permits widow remarriage.
(2) The famous social reformer Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar used the ancient texts to suggest that widows could remarry. His suggestion was adopted by British officials and they made a law in this regard.

Question 12.
Why was the curriculum not the same for both boys and girls? Which school provided first the same hind of learning for the two?
Answer:
(1) Initially, the people believed that the curriculum for girls should be easier than that for boys.
(2) The Hindu Mahila Vidyalaya was one of the first institutions to provide girls with the kind of learning that was usual for boys at that time.

Question 13.
Name any three Muslim social reformers who emphasized on women’s education.
Answer:

1. Mumtaz Ali
2. Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain
3. Begums of Bhopal

Question 14.
When was the Child Marriage Restraint Act passed? What were its provisions?
Answer:

1. The Child Marriage Restraint Act was passed in 1929.
2. According to the Act, no man below the age of 18 and woman below the age of 16 could marry.

Caste and Social Reform

Question 15.
What do you mean by the Prarthna Samaj?
Answer:
The Prarthana Samaj was established in 1867 at Bombay. It followed the tradition of Bhakti that believed in spiritual equality of all castes. It tried to remove caste restrictions, abolish child marriage, encourage the education of women and end the ban on widow remarriage.

Question 16.
Name any five low-caste leaders who worked for caste discrimination and social equality.
Answer:

1. Ghasidas
2. Haridas
3. Jyotirao Phule
4. B.R. Ambedkar
5. E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker (Periyar)
6. Shri Narayan Guru

Question 17.
Who was Shri Narayan Guru? What were his ideals?
Answer:
(1) Shri Narayan Guru was a low- i- caste leader from present-day Kerala.
(2) (i) He proclaimed the ideals of unity of all people within one sect, i.e., a single caste and one guru.
(ii) He, along with other low-caste leaders, tried to change those habits and practices among low castes which provoked upper castes’ contempt.

Question 18.
How did Jyotirao Phule extend his criticism of the caste system?
Answer:
(1) Phule extended his criticism of the caste system to argue against all forms of inequality.
(2) He was also worried about the pitiable condition of upper-caste women, the miseries of the labourers and the humiliation of the low castes.

Question 19.
Write a short note on Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and his experience about caste prejudice.
Answer:
(1) Ambedkar was born into a Mahar family. Mahar people were regarded as untouchables. The father of B.R. Ambedkar was also the leader of the Dalit movement. After finishing school, he went to the US for higher studies on a fellowship. In 1927, he *’ started a Temple Entry Movement.
(2) As a child, Ambedkar experienced caste prejudice in everyday life. In school he was forced to sit outside the classroom on the ground. He was not allowed to drink water from taps that upper caste children used.

Question 20.
Who initiated the Non-Brahman Movement? ‘What was the argument of the movement?
Answer:
(1) In the early twentieth century, the Non-Brahman Movement started. The initiative came from those Non-Brahman castes that had acquired access to education, wealth and influence.
(2) They argued that Brahmans were heirs of Aryan invaders from the north who had conquered and subjugated, the original inhabitants of the region, i.e., the indigenous Dravidian races. The movement challenged Brahmanical claims to power.

Question 21.
Name the associations which came in existence as a result of the Non-Brahman Movement. What was their objective?
Answer:
(1) (i) Sanatan Dharma Sabhas
(ii) Bharat Dharma Mahamandal
(iii) Brahman Sabha in Bengal
(2) The object of these associations was to uphold caste distinctions as a cornerstone of Hinduism and show how this was sanctified by scriptures.

Question 22.
What was the contribution of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar in empower¬ing the women in India? Write any two.
Answer:
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar supported widow remarriage, education for girls and set up schools for girls.

NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 8 Extra Questions Long Answers Type

Question 23.
What were the conditions of women and children in Indian society around two hundred years ago?
Answer:

1. There was a system of child marriage. Most children were married off at an early age.
2. Both Hindu and Muslim men could marry more than one wife.
3. Widows were praised if they chose death by burning themselves on the funeral pyre of their husbands.
4. Women’s rights to property were also restricted.
5. Most women had virtually no access to education. People generally believed that if a woman was educated, she would become a widow.

Question 24.
How were people divided along lines of caste?
Answer:

1. They were divided into Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras.
2. Brahmans and Kshatriyas considered themselves as upper castes.
3. Traders and moneylenders were referred to as Vaishyas.
4. At the lowest level, there were Shudras. Working Towards Change

Question 25.
What factor prompted social customs and practices to change from the early nineteenth century?
Answer:

1. One important reason for this change*was the development of new forms of communication.
2. For the first time, books, newspapers, magazines, leaflets and pamphlets were printed.
3. These were far cheaper and far more accessible than the manuscripts. So, ordinary people could read, write and express their ideas in their own languages.
4. The discussions on all kinds of issues could reach out to a wider public and could become linked to movements for social change.

Question 26.
Match the following Indian reformers with their respective organisations:

Answer:
(i) (d)
(ii) (e)
(iii) (a)
(iv) (b)
(v) (c)
(vi) (f)
(vii) (g)
(viii) (h)

Question 27.
Write a note on Raja Rammohun Roy.
or
What were the social ideas of Rammohun Roy? What strategy did he adopt to fulfil his social objectives?
Answer:
Raja Rammohun Roy (1772-1833) was a social reformer. He founded a reform association known as the Brahmo Sabha (Brahmo Samaj) in Calcutta. He was well- versed in Sanskrit, Persian and several other Indian and European languages.

Social objectives: He wanted to spread the knowledge of Western education in the country and bring about greater freedom and equality for women. He was worried particularly by the problems widows faced in their lives.

He began a campaign against the practice of Sati and in 1829, Sati was banned.
Strategy: Whenever he wished to challenge a practice that seemed harmful, he tried to find a verse or sentence in the ancient sacred texts that supported his point of view. He then suggested that the existing practice was against early tradition.

Question 28.
How did the movement in favour of widow remarriage spread to all over the country?
Answer:

1. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar used the ancient texts to suggest that widows could remarry.
2. In the Telugu-speaking areas of the Madras Presidency, Veerasalingam Pantulu formed an association for widow remarriage.
3. In the north, Swami Dayanand Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj and supported widow remarriage.
4. Young intellectuals and reformers in Bombay began to work for the same cause, i.e., widow remarriage.

Question 29.
To what extent did the widow remarriage movement remain successful?
Answer:
This movement was successful to a limited extent.

1. The number of widows who actually remarried remained low.
2. Those women who married were not easily accepted in society.
3. The conservative groups continued to oppose the law permitting widow remarriage.

Question 30.
What were the factors that contributed in bringing equality of castes?
Answer:

1. Many reformers and reform associations held secret meetings and violated caste taboos on food and touch in order to get rid of the hold of caste prejudice in their lives.
2. Christian missionaries set up schools for tribal groups and lower caste children.
3. The poor began leaving their villages to look for jobs that were opening up in the cities.
4. Some low caste people went to other countries such as Mauritius, Trinidad and Indonesia for work. All the above factors filled up the social gap to some extent.

Question 31.
Describe the contribution of Raja Ram Mohun Roy in social reforms.
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohun Roy (1772-1833) was the founder of Brahmo Sabha (Brahmo Samaj) in Calcutta. He supported the ideas to spread the knowledge of western education in the country and bring about greater freedom and equality for women. As a result of his efforts, the practice of Sati was banned in 1829.

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