NCERT Class 10 Economics Chapter 2 Questions and Answers

Sectors of Indian Economy Class 10 Questions and Answers Provided helps you to answer complex Questions too easily. You can use them while preparing for board exams and all of them are given by subject experts. Reading NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy familiarizes you with the kind of questions appearing in the board exams. Students are advised to read these solutions on a regular basis to score well.

Economics Class 10 Chapter 2 Question Answer Solutions

Make your learning experience enjoyable by preparing from the quick links available on this page. Use the Class 10 SST Economics Chapter 2 NCERT Solutions and get to know different concepts involved. All the Solutions are covered as per the latest syllabus guidelines. Knowing the NCERT Class 10 Economics Chapter 2 Questions and Answers helps students to attempt the exam with confidence.

Sectors of Indian Economy Class 10 Questions Answers

Let’s Work These Out (NCERT Textbook page 21)

Question 1.
Complete the table given below to show how sectors are dependent on each other.
Answer:

Example What does this show?
Imagine what would happen if farmers refuse to sell sugarcane to a particular sugar mill. The mill will have to shut down. This is an example of the secondary or industrial sector being dependent on the primary.
Imagine what would happen to cotton cultivation if companies decide not to buy from the Indian market and import all cotton they need from other countries. Indian cotton cultivation will become less profitable and the farmers may even go bankrupt, if they cannot quickly switch to other crops. Cotton prices will fall. This is an example of primary sector which is dependent on secondary sector.
Farmers buy many goods such as tractors, pumpsets, electricity, pesticides and fertilisers. Imagine what would happen if the price of fertilisers or pumpsets go up. Cost of cultivation of the farmers will rise and their profits will be reduced. This is an example of primary sector which is dependent on secondary sector.
People working in industrial and service sector need food. Imagine what would happen if there is a strike by transporters and lorries refuse to take vegetables, milk, etc. from rural areas. Food will become scarce in urban areas whereas farmers will be unable to sell their products. This is an example of primary sector which is dependent on secondary sector.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

Question 2.
Explain the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary sectors using examples other than those mentioned in the text.
Answer:

Primary sector Secondary sector Tertiary sector
(i) The sector of economy in which goods are produced by exploiting natural re­sources. (i) The sector of economy in which goods are produced by transforming one good into another through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity. (i) The sector of economy which helps in the development of the primary and secondary sectors.
(ii) It is also known as agricul­ture and related sector. (ii) It is also known as industrial sector. (ii) It is also known as service sec­tor.
(iii) Activities related to agri­culture, forestry, fishing, dairy, mining etc. come un­der this sector. (iii) It includes manufacturing units that cover all small and large scale industries, MNCs etc. (iii) Services related to transporta­tion, sale, banking, education, health, etc. come under this sector.
(iv) It depends on natural fac­tors. For example, agricul­ture depends on monsoon, good soil, etc. (iv) It depends on primary sec­tor which provides inputs to this sector. (iv) It depends on both the sectors.
(v) This sector dominates in countries which are econom­ically very poor. (v) This sector dominates in countries which are develop­ing. (v) This sector dominates in devel­oped countries.

Question 3.
Classify the following list of occupations under primary, secondary and tertiary sectors

Tailor Workers in match factory
Basket weaver Moneylender
Flower cultivator Gardener
Milk vendor Potter
Fishermen Bee-keeper
Priest Astronaut
Courier Call centre employee

Answer:

Primary sector Secondary sector Tertiary sector
Basket weaver Tailor Milk vendor
Flower cultivator Workers in match factory Priest
Fishermen Courier
Gardener Astronaut
Potter Call centre employee
 Bee-keeper

Question 4.
Students in a school are often classified into primary and secondary or junior and senior. What is the criterion that is used? Do you think this is a useful classification? Discuss.
Answer:
The criterion used in schools is

  • Students from grade I to V are placed into primary level and we often call them junior students.
  • Students from grade VI to X are placed into secondary level and we call them senior students.

The classification based on this criterion is very useful. We know that students belonging to primary level need more attention of the teachers. They also need involvement in extra-curricular activities. The teachers recruited for the primary students need a good amount of patience, skill etc. On the other hand, we find secondary level students more mature who need precious guidance from their teachers while studying in the class.

Let’s Work These Out (NCERT Textbook page 23)

Question 1.
What does the history of developed countries indicate about the shifts that have taken place between sectors?
Answer:
The history of developed countries indicate that at initial stages of development, primary sector was the most important sector of economic activity.
With the change of farming methods, agriculture prospered and people in large number took up other activities like buying and selling, etc. Besides, there were also transporters, administrators, etc. However, at this stage, most of the goods produced were natural products from the primary sector and most people were also employed in this sector.

Gradually, new methods of manufacturing were introduced. As a result, factories came up and started expanding. Those people who had earlier worked on farms now began to work in factories. Thus, secondary sector became the most important in total production and employment.

A further shift from secondary to tertiary sector took place in developed countries in the past 100 years. And with it, the service sector has became the most important in terms of total production and employment.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

Question 2.
Correct and arrange the important aspects for calculating GDP from this jumble.
To count goods and services we add the numbers that are produced. We count all those that were produced in the last five years. Since we shouldn’t leave out anything we add up all these goods and services.
Answer:
To count goods and services we add the numbers that are produced. Since we shouldn’t leave out anything we add up all these goods and services. We count all those that were produced in the last five years.

Let’s Work These Out (NCERT Textbook page 24)
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy 1

Answer the following questions by looking at the graph:
1. Which was the largest producing sector in 1970-71?
2. Which is the largest producing sector in 2010-11?
3. Can you say which sector has grown the most over forty years?
4. What was the GDP of India in 2011?
Answer:
1. The primary sector was the largest producing sector in 1970-71.
2. The tertiary sector is the largest producing sector in 2010-11.
3. It is definitely the tertiary sector.
4. The GDP of India in 2011 was ₹ 5000000 crore.

Let’s Work These Out (NCERT Textbook page 27)

Question 1.
Complete the table using the data given in Graphs 2 and 3 on (Textbook Page 25) and answer the question that follows

Share of Primary Sector in GDP and Employment
1970-71 2010-11
Share in GDP
Share in employment

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy 2

What are the changes that you observe in the primary sector over a span of forty years?
Answer:

Share of Primary Sector in GDP and Employment
1970-71 2010-11
Share in GDP 45% 18%
Share in employment 75% 54%

We observe that the share of primary sector in GDP and employment has decreased considerably over a span of forty years.

Question 2.
Choose the correct answer:
Underemployment occurs when people
(i) do not want to work
(ii) are working in a lazy manner
(iii) are working less than what they are capable of doing
(iv) are not paid for their work.
Answer:
(iii) are working less than what they are capable of doing

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

Question 3.
Compare and contrast the changes in India with the pattern that was observed for developed countries. What kind of changes between sectors were desired but did not happen in India?
Answer:
The history of the developed countries shows that the primary sector was the most important sector of economic activity in its initial stages of development. Most people were employed in this sector. However, this trend changed with the coming up of factories. As a result, employment shifted to secondary sector and then to tertiary sector with the growth of economy. Thus, the shift has been on the expected line in developed countries.

But this is not the case with India. Here also the employment shifted from primary to secondary and then to tertiary sector but as secondary sector failed to absorb the expected number of people, tertiary sector emerged as a great employer. It means that tertiary sector employs more people than secondary sector but not more than primary sector. The primary sector continues to be the largest employer even now.

It was desired that the change that occurred in developed countries should have taken place in India too i.e. shift of employment from primary to secondary and then to tertiary sector. But the reality is that the share of employment is still highest in the primary sector. This is the result of slow pace of industrial growth and urbanisation in India.

Question 4.
Why should we be worried about unemployment?
Answer:
Unemployment is one of the greatest curses for human beings. It is the root of many evils such as theft, pick-pocketing, etc. People facing this problem easily get indulged in unsocial activities. They think negatively and create nuisance wherever they go. Sometimes, they show their anger against the system by participating in vandalism. Thus, their productivity becomes zero which is very unfortunate for a country. It is said that if we want to establish peace in society, each and every citizen of the country must be given employment. Employment saves us from many evils.

Let’s Work These Out (NCERT Textbook page 29)

Question 1.
Why do you think NREGA 2005 is referred to as ‘Right to Work’?
Answer:
NREGA 2005 aims at enhancing the livelihood security of people in rural areas by making a guarantee for 100 days of employment in a year to a rural household whose adult members are willing to do unskilled labour. Since this Act is based on the idea that everyone has a right to get employed for livelihood, so it is referred to as ‘Right to Work’.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

Question 2.
Imagine that you are the village head. In that capacity suggest some activities that you think should be taken up under this Act that would also increase the income of people. Discuss.
Answer:
Some of the activities are given below-

  • Opening a cold storage
  • Setting up dal mills
  • Setting up honey-collection centres close to forest areas
  • Setting up industries that process vegetables and agricultural produce like potato, rice, wheat, etc. which can be sold in outside markets.
  • Constructing dams and digging canals.
    These activities would definitely increase the income of village people.

Question 3.
How would income and employment increase if farmers were provided with irrigation and marketing facilities?
Answer:
There are many farmers in India who don’t have irrigation facilities. Having plots of un-irrigated lands, they face a lot of problems. The government can spend some money or banks can provide loans, to construct wells for such farmers. Farmers will then be able to irrigate their lands and get a good harvest. This will increase their income to a great extent. Once the farmers get a good havest, they would need to sell some of this. For this, they would like to be provided with better marketing facilities. Availability of markets in close vicinity would enable them to sell their crops at a favourble price.

Question 4.
In what ways can employment be increased in urban areas?
Answer:
In urban areas, employment can be increased in the following ways:

  • By setting up factories/industries
  • By making investments in foreign companies
  • By setting up educational institutions where they are required
  • By providing loans to people who are interested in starting their own business
  • By improving means of transport and communication
  • By encouraging tourism or regional craft industry
  • By promoting new services like IT. The electronics industry today has become a great employer in big cities like Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, etc.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

Let’s Work These Out (NCERT Textbook page 31)

Question 1.
Look at the following examples. Which of these are unorganised sector activities?
(i) A teacher taking classes in a school
(ii) A headload worker carrying a bag of cement on his back in a market
(iii) A farmer irrigating her field
(iv) A doctor in a hospital treating a patient
(v) A daily wage labourer working under a contractor
(vi) A factory worker going to work in a big factory
(vii) A handloom weaver working in her house.
Answer:
The following are unorganised sector activities:
(i) A headload worker carrying a bag of cement on his back in a market.
(ii) A farmer irrigating her field
(iii) A daily wage labourer working under a contractor
(iv) A handloom weaver working in her house.

Question 2.
Talk to someone who has a regular job in the organised sector and another who works in the unorganised sector. Compare and contrast their working conditions in all aspects.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 3.
How would you distinguish between organised and unorganised sectors? Explain in your own words.
Answer:

Organised Sector Unorganised Sector
(i) Organised sector covers those enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are regular and therefore, people have assured work. (i) Unorganised sector is characterised by small and scattered units which do not assure regular employment and therefore, people have insecure future.
(ii) The enterprises or places of work under organised sectors are registered by the government and have to follow its rules and regulations. (ii) The places of work under unorganised sectors are not registered and are largely outside the control of government. There are rules and regulations but these are not followed.
(iii) Workers in the organised sectors are expected to work only a fixed number of hours. If they work more, they have to be paid overtime by the employer. (iii) Workers in the unorganised sectors work for more hours and they are not fixed. There is no provision for overtime.
(iv) In addition to the salary, the workers also get several other benefits such as paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity, etc. (iv) Jobs here are low-paid and often not regular. There is no provision of paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness, etc.
(v) There is a provision of medical and other allowances. When workers retire, they get pensions as well. (v) There is no provision of medical and other allowances. Since job is not secure, so pension facility is not there.

Question 4.
The table below shows the estimated number of workers in India in the organised and unorganised sectors. Read the table carefully. Fill in the missing data and answer the questions that follow.

Workers in Different Sectors (In Millions)
Sector Organised Unorganised Total
Primary 2 242
Secondary 9 54 63
Tertiary 17 76 93
Total 28
Total in Percentage 100%

(a) What is the percentage of people in the unorganised sector in agriculture?
(b) Do you agree that agriculture is an unorganised sector activity? Why?
(c) If we look at the country as a whole, we find that ………. (i)………… % of the workers in India are in the unorganised sector. Organised sector employment is available to only about ………………(ii)………… % of the workers in India.
Answer:

Workers in Different Sectors (In Millions)
Sector Organised Unorganised Total
Primary 2 240 242
Secondary 9 54 63
Tertiary 17 76 93
Total 28 370 398
Total in Percentage 7% 93% 100%

(a) 93% people are working in the unorganised sector.
(b) I do agree to this fact. A large number of landless agricultural labourers, small and marginal farmers, and casual workers, are engaged in this sector and earn a very little income. Since there is heavy competition for work among the farm labourers, so they agree to work for lower wages. These people do not work regularly. They are busy during the time of sowing and harvesting and become jobless after these activities are over.
(c) (i) 93% (ii) 7%

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

Economics Class 10 Chapter 2 NCERT Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks using the correct option given in the bracket:
(i) Employment in the service …………….. sector increased to the same extent as productions, (has/has not)
(ii) Workers in the ………….. sector do not produce goods. (tertiary/agricultural)
(iii) Most of the workers in the ………………. sector enjoy job security. (organised/unorganised)
(iv) A …………… proportion of labourers in India are working in the unorganised sector. (large/small)
(v) Cotton is a ……………. product and cloth is a ………….. product. (natural/manufactured)
(vi) The activities in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors are ……….. (independent/interdependent)
Answer:
(i) has not
(ii) tertiary
(iii) organised
(iv) large
(v) natural, manufactured
(vi) interdependent

Question 2.
Choose the most appropriate answer.

(a) The sectors are classified into public and private sector on the basis of:
(i) employment conditions
(ii) the nature of economic activity
(iii) ownership of enterprises
(iv) number of workers employed in the enterprise
Answer:
(iii) ownership of enterprises

(b) Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process, is an activity in ………. sector.
(i) primary
(ii) secondary
(iii) tertiary
(iv) information technology
Answer:
(i) primary

(c) GDP is the total value of ……………. produced during a particular year.
(i) all goods and services
(ii) all final goods and services
(iii) all intermediate goods and services
(iv) all intermediate and final goods and services
Answer:
(ii) all final goods and services

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

(d) In terms of GDP the share of tertiary sector in 2010-11 is ………..
(i) between 20 to 30 per cent
(ii) between 30 to 40 per cent
(iii) between 50 to 60 per cent
(iv) 70 per cent
Answer:
(iii) between 50 to 60 per cent

Question 3.
Match the following:

Problems faced by farming sector Some possible measures
1. Unirrigated land (a) Setting up agro-based mills
2. Low prices for crops (b) Cooperative marketing societies
3. Debt burden (c) Procurement of foodgrains by government
4. No job in the off season (d) Construction of canals by the government
5. Compelled to sell their grains to the local traders after harvest (e) Banks to provide credit with low interest

Answer:
1. (d)
2. (c)
3. (e)
4. (a)
5. (b)

Question 4.
Find the odd one out and say why.
(i) Tourist guide, dhobi, tailor, potter
(ii) Teacher, doctor, vegetable vendor, lawyer
(iii) Postman, cobbler, soldier, police constable
(iv) MTNL, Indian Railways, Air India, SAHARA Airlines, All India Radio
Answer:
(i) Tourist guide. Unlike others he is working in an organised sector and is usually appointed by the government.
(ii) Vegetable vendor. He is an unskilled person without a formal education whereas doctor, lawyer and teacher are skilled and educated persons.
(iii) Cobbler. He is self-employed while others are government servants.
(iv) SAHARA Airlines. It comes under the private sector whereas the rest are government undertakings.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

Question 5.
A research scholar looked at the working people in the city of Surat and found the following. Complete the table. What is the percentage of workers in the unorganised sector in this city?

Place of work Nature of employment Percentage of working people
In offices and factories registered with the government Organised 15
Own shops, office, clinics in marketplaces with formal license 15
People working on the street, construction workers, domestic workers 20
Working in small workshops usually not registered with the government

Answer:

Place of work Nature of employment Percentage of working people
In offices and factories registered with the government Organised 15
Own shops, office, clinics in marketplaces with formal license Organised 15
People working on the street, construction workers, domestic workers Unorganised 20
Working in small workshops usually not registered with the government Unorganised 50

70% people are working in the unorganised sector in the city of Surat.

Question 6.
Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is useful? Explain how.
Answer:
Yes. The classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is useful because of the following reasons:

  • It provides information on how and where the people of a country are employed.
  • It also helps in ascertaining as to which sector of economic activity contributes how much to the country’s GDP and per capita income. Thus, we come to know which sector is growing and which sector is lagging behind.
  • Once it becomes clear, the government takes measures to promote that sector which is lagging behind. Thus, rectification is possible due to this classification.
  • This classification also acknowledges us that all the three sectors are not independent but interdependent.

Question 7.
For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter why should one focus on employment and GDP? Could there be other issues which should be examined? Discuss.
Answer:
A focus on employment and GDP helps to determine per capita income and productivity in a country. In each of the three sectors, employment rate and status as well as its contribution to the GDP help us know how that particular sector is functioning and what needs be to done to bring further growth in it. Other issues which should be examined are:

  • How to uproot poverty?
  • What can be done to modernise technology?
  • How to achieve food security in the country?
  • How to upgrade educational standard and health of the people?

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

Question 8.
Make a long list of all kinds of work that you find adults around you doing for a living. In what way can you classify them? Explain your choice.
Answer:
The activities in which adults around us are engaged in are— farming, manufacturing, lawyer, washerman, cobbler, weaving, hair cutting, financing, transportation, street vending, teaching, carpentry, moneylending, courier, call centre employee, engineer, dairy, fishing, forestry, growing cotton, etc. These activities can be classified as follows:

  • Primary sector — farming, dairy, growing cotton, forestry, fishing.
  • Secondary sector – manufacturing.
  • Tertiary sector – hair cutting, finance, transportation, street vending, teaching, moneylending, courier, call centre employee, engineer, lawyer, washerman, cobbler

Question 9.
How is the tertiary sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with a few examples.
Answer:
The tertiary sector is different from primary and secondary sectors. The activities that fall under this
sector are those that help in the development of other two sectors. These activities, by themselves, do not produce a good but they are a support for the production process. For example, goods that are produced in the primary or secondary sector would need to be transported by trucks or trains and then sold in wholesale and retail shops.

At times, it may be necessary to store these in godowns. We may also need to talk to others over telephone or send letters or borrow money from banks to help production and trade. Thus, transport, storage, communication, banking and trade are examples of tertiary activities. Unlike other sectors, these activities generate services rather than goods. This is the reason why the tertiary sector is also known as the service sector.

Question 10.
What do you understand by disguised unemployment? Explain with an example each from the urban and rural areas.
Answer:
Disguised unemployment is a kind of unemployment in which there are people who are visibly employed but are actually unemployed. This is also known as hidden unemployment. In such a situation, more people are engaged in a work than required.

Example from rural areas
In rural areas, this type of unemployment is generally found in agriculture where more people (for example, 9 people) are engaged in the same agricultural plot than is necessary. So, even if a few people (for example, 3 people) are withdrawn from it, production will not be affected. These three people are actually disguisedly employed.

Example from urban areas
In urban areas, this type of unemployment is generally seen in service sectors where many casual workers search for daily employment. They are employed as painters, plumbers, etc. Many of them don’t find work everyday. Thus, they earn very little in comparison to their potential.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

Question 11.
Distinguish between open unemployment and disguised unemployment.
Answer:
Open unemployment is different from disguised unemployment in the following ways:

Open Unemployment Disguised Unemployment
(i) This is a situation where a country’s labour force does not get opportunities for adequate employment. (i) This is a situation where people are apparently working or employed but all of them are made to work less than their potential.
(ii) This kind of unemployment is clearly visible. (ii) This kind of unemployment remains hidden.
(iii) This kind of unemployment is generally found in urban areas. (iii) This kind of unemployment is mainly found in agriculture in rural areas.

Question 12.
“Tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy”. Do you agree? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer:
No, I do not agree to this point. The truth is that tertiary sector is playing a very significant role in the development of Indian economy. Over forty years between 1970-71 and 2010-11, while production in all the three sectors has increased, it has increased the most in the tertiary sector which ultimately boosts up Indian economy. The reasons behind it are-

(i) Tertiary sector helps in the development of the primary and secondary sectors by providing them services like transportation, storage, banking, communication, etc. For example, goods that are produced in the primary or secondary sector would need to be transported by trucks or trains and then sold in wholesale and retail shops. At times, it may be necessary to store these in godowns.

(ii) Over the past decade or so, certain new services such as those based on information technology have become important and essential. The production of these services has been rising rapidly. As a result, the GDP share of the tertiary sector has grown from around 40% in 1973 to more than 50% in 2010-11.

(iii) As income levels rise, certain sections of people especially in big cities, start demanding many more services like eating out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals, etc. This trend has contributed vastly to the Indian economy.

Question 13.
Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. Who are these?
Answer:
Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. They are
(i) The people involved in the services that may directly help in the production of goods. For example, shopkeepers, transport person, repair persons, etc. These people are not highly educated and barely manage to earn a living.

(ii) The people involved in such services that may not directly help in the production of goods e.g. teachers, engineers, doctors, barbers, cobblers, etc. They are either highly educated or highly skilled and give services to the primary service providers.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

Question 14.
Workers are exploited in the unorganised sector. Do you agree with this view? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this view. Workers in unorganised sector are exploited in many ways:

  • Since there is no fixed number of working hours, so that workers have to work 10-12 hours without paid overtime.
  • They do not get paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity, etc.
  • Their jobs are low-paid and often not regular.
  • Employment is not secure. Workers can be asked to leave without any reason.
  • Government rules and regulations to protect the labourers are not followed in unorganised sectors,
  • Workers do not avail medical benefits. There is also no provision of leave due to sickness.
    Since workers in unorganised sectors are usually ignorant due to lack of education, so they are easily exploited by their employer.

Question 15.
How are the activities in the economy classified on the basis of employment conditions?
Answer:
On the basis of employment conditions, the activities in the economy are classified into-
(i) Organised sector, and
(ii) Unorganised sector
(i) Organised sector: This sector covers those enterprises or places of work which are registered by the government and have to follow its rules and regulations. For example, Reliance Industries Ltd.

(ii) Unorganised sector: This sector includes those small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government. There are rules and regulations but these are not followed. For example, workers in the garment factory, shops, etc.

Question 16.
Compare the employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganised sectors.
Answer:
Answer:

Organised Sector Unorganised Sector
(i) Organised sector covers those enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are regular and therefore, people have assured work. (i) Unorganised sector is characterised by small and scattered units which do not assure regular employment and therefore, people have insecure future.
(ii) The enterprises or places of work under organised sectors are registered by the government and have to follow its rules and regulations. (ii) The places of work under unorganised sectors are not registered and are largely outside the control of government. There are rules and regulations but these are not followed.
(iii) Workers in the organised sectors are expected to work only a fixed number of hours. If they work more, they have to be paid overtime by the employer. (iii) Workers in the unorganised sectors work for more hours and they are not fixed. There is no provision for overtime.
(iv) In addition to the salary, the workers also get several other benefits such as paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity, etc. (iv) Jobs here are low-paid and often not regular. There is no provision of paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness, etc.
(v) There is a provision of medical and other allowances. When workers retire, they get pensions as well. (v) There is no provision of medical and other allowances. Since job is not secure, so pension facility is not there.

Question 17.
Explain the objective of implementing the NREGA 2005.
Answer:
The objectives of implementing the NREGA 2005 include —

  • To provide at least 100 days employment to the adult members of each family living in rural areas who are willing to do unskilled labour.
  • To create permanent assets in rural areas.
  • To develop tourism, regional craft industry, or new services like IT, etc. to increase income and employment for people.

Question 18.
Using examples from your area compare and contrast the activities and functions of private and Private Sector
Answer:

Public Sector Private Sector
(i) In, the public sector, the government owns most of the assets and provides all the services. For example, Railways, Hindustan Petroleum, etc. (i) In the private sector, ownership of assets and delivery of services is in the hands of private individuals or companies. For example, Maruti Udyog, Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) etc..
(ii) The purpose of the public sector is not just to earn profits but to work for the welfare of the public. (ii) The activities in the private sector are guided by the motive to earn profits. It has nothing to do with the welfare of the public.
(iii) The public sector provides basic facilities which include health, hygiene, education, drinking water, food, etc. at subsidised rates. (iii) The private sector provides consumer goods to the people at high rates.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

Question 19.
Discuss and fill the following table giving one example each from your area.

Well managed organisation Badly managed organisation
Public Sector
Private Sector

Answer:

Well managed organisation Badly managed organisation
Public Sector Air India, Indian Railways FCI, DDI, DTC, etc.
Private Sector Reliance Industries Ltd, Tata Consultancy Services, etc. Vyapam etc.

Question 20.
Give a few examples of public sector activities and explain why the government has taken them up.
Answer:
A few examples of public sector activities include provision of water, electricity, healthcare, transport, schools and colleges, etc. The government plays a major role in providing all these facilities to all without any discrimination at a reasonable cost. If private companies are given the responsibility to provide these public facilities, they will charge more. In such a situation, only a few people can afford to avail them while a large section of people will have to face problems due to non-availability of the essential items at subsidised rates. Hence, to ensure that basic amenities like water, power, etc. are available for all, the government supplies these at low rates for the welfare of the large public.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

Question 21.
Explain how public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation?
Answer:
The public sector contributes to the country’s economic development in the following ways:

  • It creates employment opportunities by initiating construction of roads, national highways, flyovers, metro-rails, etc.
  • It promotes rapid economic development through creation and expansion of infrastructure.
  • It plays an important role in industrial growth of the country by supplying electricity at subsidised rates.
  • It plays vital role in contributing to the Human Development Index by giving attention to health and education services.
  • It encourages development of small, medium and cottage industries to ensure livelihood among the low-income group.
  • Transportation occupies an important place in the economy of a country. Hence, the government makes all efforts to keep this facility well-maintained.

Question 22.
The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues: wages, safety and health. Explain with examples.
Answer:
Wages: Workers in the unorganised sector are often exploited by their employer in terms of low wages. As per Minimum Wages Act, they must be given fair wages.

Safety: Safety of jobs must be there because poor workers are usually asked to leave without any reason. When there is less work in off season, the employer forces some of the workers to leave at once. This should be stopped in the interest of the poor workers.

Health: Health of the poor workers are always ignored in the unorganised sector. They are forced to work long hours in unhygienic conditions. As they have no option, they continue to work at the cost of their health. As a result, they become victims of many diseases. These workers need protection.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

Question 23.
A study in Ahmedabad found that out of 15,00,000 workers in the city, 11,00,000 worked in the unorganised sector. The total income of the city in this year (1997-1998) was Regular ₹ 60,000 million. Out of this ₹ 32,000 million was generated in the organised sector. Present this data as a table. What kind of ways should be thought for generating more employment in the city?
Answer:

Organised Sector Unorganised Sector Total
No. of workers 4,00,000 11,00,000 15,00,000
Income (₹) 32,000 million 28,000 million 60,000 million

In order to generate more employment in the city the state government should increase vacancies in different departments. Also more and more companies should be brought under organised sector for the benefit of the workers. The government can help by providing loans and aid to companies transferring from unorganised to organised sectors.

Question 24.
The following table gives the GDP in Rupees (Crores) by the three sectors:

Year Primary Secondary Tertiary
1950 80,000 19,000 39,000
2011 8,18,000 12,49,000 28,18,000

(i) Calculate the share of the three sectors in GDP for 1950 and 2011.
(ii) Show the data as a bar diagram similar to Graph 2 in the chapter
(iii) What conclusions can we draw from the bar graph?
Answer:
(i) In 1950
Share of sectors in GDP for the year 1950
Total GDP of three sectors (in 1950 ) = 80,000 + 19,000 + 39,000
= 1,38,000 crores
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy 3

In 2011
Share of sectors in GDP for the year 2011
Total GDP of three sectors (in 2011) = 8,18,000 + 12,49,000 + 28,18,000
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy 4

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

(ii)
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy 5

(iii) We can draw the conclusion that the share of the tertiary sector in the GDP has almost doubled. On the other hand, the share of the primary sector has almost halved. The secondary sector has grown just by 10%. The trend shows that the tertiary sector has emerged as the largest producing sector in India replacing the primary sector.

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